ABSTRACT
In a short historical review of the outstanding changes occurred in the whole of endocrinology and particularly in Chile over the last 60 years -with the background of an infant mortality drop from 200 per thousand in 1940 to 8 per thousand today and a mean life expectancy increase from 42 to 76 years- the author outlines major achievements in this country. He comments on the use in former days of biological tests on urine extract to measure hormones for diagnostic procedures replaced by hormone determinations in blood by radioimmunoassays; today's medication with synthetic hormones instead of opotherapeutic preparations obtained from organ extracts; the identification of new hormones, receptors and new knowledge that enables us to understand the role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, the interaction of neurological, endocrine and immunological systems and the involvement of stress in various diseases. Finally the description of DNA and the international cooperative project to establish the human genome map with unpredictable potential applications in medicine. The author underlines the importance of collaborative work in all branches of medicine, often making cooperation more effective than competition. The enormous expansion of biological information demands that direct application of scientific knowledge to clinical medicine is prevented as being insufficient for an optimal clinical judgment, since a bio-psychosociological perspective of the patient and the doctor's clinical experience are essential factors in the doctor-patient relationship.
Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , Endocrinology/history , Chile , Education, Medical/historySubject(s)
Humans , Dementia , Depression , Diabetes Mellitus , Estrogens , Alcoholism , Chile , Climacteric/psychology , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Depression, Postpartum/psychology , Thyroid Diseases , Stress, Physiological/psychology , Failure to Thrive/psychology , Obesity , Quality of Life/psychology , Cushing Syndrome , Substance-Related DisordersABSTRACT
En esta revisión se analiza el estrés como parte integral de la vida y del proceso general de adaptación; la fisiopatología de los componentes principales de la respuesta al estrés: el eje hipotalámico-hipófisis-suprarrenal o sistema de la hormona liberadora de corticotrofina y el eje simpático-adrenomedular o sistema autonómico del "locus ceruleus" y de la nor-adrenalina; la estrecha interrelación entre el sistema neuroendocrino y el sistema inmunológico; las interacciones pueden dar lugar a procesos de significación patológica en múltiples sistemas orgánicos que explican cómo factores psicológicos y sociales influyen en las enfermedades somáticas